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1 Indiana University
s.Universidad de Indiana, Bloomington, Universidad de Indiana.pl.plural de INDIANA UNIVERSITY, PENNSYLVANIA -
2 Bloomington
1) Город в центральной части штата Иллинойс, на р. Шугар-Крик [Sugar Creek]. 64,8 тыс. жителей (2000). Административный центр [ county seat] округа Маклин [McLean County]. Железнодорожный узел. Торговый и промышленный центр в крупном сельскохозяйственном районе (кукуруза, пшеница, скотоводство, молочное животноводство). Производство кондиционеров, вентиляторов, нагревательной аппаратуры, пылесосов. Иллинойский методистский университет [ Illinois Wesleyan University] (1850). Здесь в 1856 А. Линкольн [ Lincoln, Abraham] произнес знаменитую "утраченную речь" ["Lost Speech"] (текст выступления не сохранился) против рабства на учредительном съезде Республиканской партии [ Republican Party] штата. Первое поселение появилось в районе будущего города в 1822, статус города с 1839.2) Город на юге центральной части Индиана. 69,2 тыс. жителей (2000). Административный центр округа Монро [Monroe County]. Центр сельскохозяйственного района. Производство электрооборудования, мебели, лифтов. В пригороде - карьеры по добыче известняка, играющие важную роль в экономике города. Университет [ Indiana University] (1820) - основа городской экономики. Основан в 1816, статус города с 1878. В пригороде - большие леса, несколько парков, национальный лесной заказник "Хузиер" [Hoosier National Forest], водохранилище Монро [Monroe Lake] (крупнейший водоем штата).3) Город на юго-востоке штата Миннесота, в 14,5 км к югу от Миннеаполиса [ Minneapolis], на р. Миннесота [ Minnesota River] и озере Лонг-Медоу [Long Meadow Lake]. 85,1 тыс. жителей (2000). Транспортный узел, расположен в непосредственной близости от Международный аэропорт Миннеаполиса и Сент-Пола [ Minneapolis-Saint Paul International Airport]. Машиностроение, производство электроники и программного обеспечения, садового инвентаря, молочных продуктов. Местный колледж Нормандейл [Normandale Community College]. Крупнейший и наиболее известный торгово-развлекательный комплекс [ shopping mall] в США - "Молл ов Америка" [ Mall of America] (на месте бывшего стадиона [Metropolitan Stadium]). Статус города с 1953.English-Russian dictionary of regional studies > Bloomington
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3 Boxer, Charles Ralph
(1904-2000)Eminent British scholar, author, teacher, collector, soldier, and authority on the history of Portugal's overseas empire (1415-1825). Trained as a professional soldier, not an academic, Boxer was educated at Sandhurst and served as a British army officer and Japanese language specialist in the Far East until 1947. Captured when the Japanese took Hong Kong early in World War II, he spent the remainder of the war in Japanese prison camps. After the war, he retired from his military career and began a long, distinguished academic career. In 1947, he was appointed Camoens Professor of Portuguese, King's College, University of London. He also taught at London's School of African and Oriental Studies and at Yale and Indiana Universities.Numbering more than 300, his many publications on the Portuguese empire in Africa, Asia, and Brazil to 1825 dominated international scholarship on the subject during the last half of the 20th century. His masterful general historical synthesis of 1969, The Portuguese Seaborne Empire, 1415-1825, remains a classic. With his mastery of Far Eastern languages, as well as Dutch, Portuguese, French, Spanish, and German, Boxer was also an avid collector of rare coins, art objects, books, and manuscripts. His extraordinary private collection remains preserved in the Lilly Library, Indiana University, Bloomington. Like his contemporary academic colleague, Gilberto Freyre, some of his writings had an impact beyond the academy and became politically controversial. Boxer's incisive 1963 book, Race Relations in the Portuguese Colonial Empire ( 1415-1800), was not well-received by Portugal's dictatorship, then embroiled in colonial wars in Africa. Briefly, Boxer was ostracized in Lisbon. Following the Revolution of 25 April 1974, however, many of Boxer's books were published in Portuguese in Portugal. -
4 IUB
1) Общая лексика: hum. сокр. Institute for the Unborn Baby2) Университет: Independent University, Bangladesh, Indiana University Bloomington, International University Bremen3) Экология: International Union of Biochemistry4) Правительство: Iowa Utilities Board -
5 Villard de Honnecourt
[br]b. c. 1200 Honnecourt-sur-Escaut, near Cambrai, Franced. mid-13th century (?) France[br]French architect-engineer.[br]Villard was one of the thirteenth-century architect-engineers who were responsible for the design and construction of the great Gothic cathedrals and other churches of the time. Their responsibilities covered all aspects of the work, including (in the spirit of the Roman architect Vitruvius) the invention and construction of mechanical devices. In their time, these men were highly esteemed and richly rewarded, although few of the inscriptions paying tribute to their achievements have survived. Villard stands out among them because a substantial part of his sketchbook has survived, in the form of thirty-three parchment sheets of drawings and notes, now kept in the Bibliothèque Nationale in Paris. Villard's professional career lasted roughly from 1225 to 1250. As a boy, he went to work on the building of the Cistercian monastery at Vaucelles, not far from Honnecourt, and afterwards he was apprenticed to the masons' lodge at Cambrai Cathedral, where he began copying the drawings and layouts on the tracing-house floor. All his drawings are, therefore, of the plans, elevations and sections of cathedrals. These buildings have long since been destroyed, but his drawings, perhaps among his earliest, bear witness to their architecture. He travelled widely in France and recorded features of the great works at Reims, Laon and Chartres. These include the complex system of passageways built into the fabric of a great cathedral; Villard comments that one of their purposes was "to allow circulation in case of fire".Villard was invited to Hungary and reached there c. 1235. He may have been responsible for the edifice dedicated to St Elizabeth of Hungary, canonized in 1235, at Kassa (now Košice, Slovakia). Villard probably returned to France c. 1240, at least before the Tartar invasion of Hungary in 1241.His sketchbook, which dates to c. 1235, stands as a memorial to Villard's skill as a draughtsman, a student of perspective and a mechanical engineer. He took his sketchbook with him on his travels, and used ideas from it in his work abroad. It contains architectural designs, geometrical constructions for use in building, surveying exercises and drawings for various kinds of mechanical devices, for civil or military use. He was transmitting details from the highly developed French Gothic masons to the relatively underdeveloped eastern countries. The notebooks were annotated for the use of pupils and other master masons, and the notes on geometry were obviously intended for pupils. The prize examples are the pages in the book, clearly Villard's own work, related to mechanical devices. Whilst he, like many others of the period and after, played with designs for perpetual-motion machines, he concentrated on useful devices. These included the first Western representation of a perpetualmotion machine, which at least displays a concern to derive a source of energy: this was a water-powered sawmill, with automatic feed of the timber into the mill. This has been described as the first industrial automatic power-machine to involve two motions, for it not only converts the rotary motion of the water-wheel to the reciprocating motion of the saw, but incorporates a means of keeping the log pressed against the saw. His other designs included water-wheels, watermills, the Archimedean screw and other curious devices.[br]BibliographyOf several facsimile reprints with notes there are Album de Villard de Honnecourt, 1858, ed. J.B.Lassus, Paris (repr. 1968, Paris: Laget), and The Sketchbook of Villard de Honnecourt, 1959, ed. T.Bowie, Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Further ReadingJ.Gimpel, 1977, "Villard de Honnecourt: architect and engineer", The Medieval Machine, London: Victor Gollancz, ch. 6, pp. 114–46.——1988, The Medieval Machine, the Industrial Revolution of the Middle Ages, London.R.Pernord, J.Gimpel and R.Delatouche, 1986, Le Moyen age pour quoi fayre, Paris.KM / LRD
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